Randomized factorial design was implemented in four replications to determine optimal methods of Ajwain (Carum capticum) STANDARD seeds GERMINATION. Ajwain seeds were placed top and between paper and sand exposed to two potassium nitrate (two grams per 1000 ml distilled water) and pre-chilling (seven days under 7-10ºC) pre-treatments which were under six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 20-30, and 35ºC) in germinator for 25 days so as to GERMINATION indices were assessed. Ajwain seeds viability was estimated 75% after tetrazolium test. The highest final and normal seedling percentages were found under 15 and 20ºC in pre-chilling treatment and also 20ºC in potassium nitrate and control. No GERMINATION was observed under 35ºC in potassium nitrate and control, however, pre-chilling led to >26% GERMINATION. The higher GERMINATION potential was shown in top and between papers compared with sand. The lowest GERMINATION rate was recorded in control and potassium nitrate and the highest one in pre-chilling. The maximum of seedling weight vigor was suggested in top and between paper when seeds were put under 10, 15, and 20ºC. In order to evaluate optimal STANDARD GERMINATION of Ajwain seeds, it was resulted that applying of two potassium nitrate and pre-chilling treatments placed top and between papers under 15 and 20ºC caused maximum of GERMINATION potential and seedling weight vigor.

An experiment was implemented based on completely randomized design with four replications to determine STANDARD Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) GERMINATION test condition. Flixweed seeds were placed in germinator for 14 days under 6 temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 20-30, 35ºC exposed to three treatments of potassium nitrate (2 grams per 1000 ml of distilled water), pre-chilling (7-10ºC for 7 days), pre-soaking (24h in distilled water), two cellulose substrates of top paper and between paper, and sands. Then, GERMINATION indexes were assessed. After comparison of three mentioned treatments (potassium nitrate, pre-chilling, and pre-soaking) with control it was demonstrated that the highest GERMINATION rate belonged to pre-chilling in 15ºC.The lowest amount of GERMINATION indices and the highest percentage of dead seeds were found in 25 and 35ºC. The best treatment to improve GERMINATION and seedling vigor was applying of potassium nitrate and optimal temperatures to reach maximum of GERMINATION was 10 and 15ºC. Higher GERMINATION was achieved when top and between paper substrate were used than sand. In total, it was suggested that it would be better for potassium nitrate to be under 10 and 15ºC when top and between paper and sand were applied, respectively to optimal condition for STANDARD GERMINATION determination was achieved, because the highest percentage of final GERMINATION, normal seedlings, and seedling weight vigor, and also the lowest percentage of dead seeds were observed.

Ferula assa-foetida is one of the important medicinal plants of Apiaceae that has been exposed to extinction with repeated withdrawals from its natural habitat. Study of seed GERMINATION behavior of this species can lead to the development of cultivation and protection of its natural habitat. In order to optimal conditions determine for the STANDARD GERMINATION test of Ferula assa-foetida seeds (which belongs to the heights of Yasuj city located in Kohgiluyeh and boyer-ahmad provinces), this experiment was designed as factorial in a completely randomized design in six treatments with different levels, with control treatment and in three replications. The experiment was carried out in 2021-2022 in the seed quality analysis laboratory of the Seed and Plant Registration and Certification Research Institute of Karaj, this factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design. For this purpose, Ferula assa-foetida seeds were evaluated under different temperature regimes (including 10, 15, and 20 °C) and different GERMINATION substrates (top of the paper (TP), between paper (BP), and sand (S)). Various pretreatments in the STANDARD GERMINATION test process include stratification (for 14 and 35 days at 7 °C) and treatment with different substances (including gibberellic acid, kinetin, and potassium nitrate) as well as the seeds leaching for 24 hours. According to the results, kinetin pre-treatment (250 ppm) and TP seed GERMINATION substrate at 10 °C; optimal GERMINATION conditions of Ferula assa-foetida seeds were proposed for evaluation of different seed samples.

To evaluate the GERMINATION traits and mechanical damage of soybean seed during processing stages, an experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 18 treatments at Mazandaran province (Sari) in 2009-10. The experiment factors included different seed processing stages (before cleaning, after elevator, after pre cleaning, after cleaning, after drying and after packaging) and three cultivars (‘Telar’, ‘Sari’ and ‘Line 033’). Results showed that cultivar 033 had the highest GERMINATION percentage (83.5%), GERMINATION percentage after accelerated aging (71.6%) and seedling vigor index (12.76) and lowest electrical conductivity (41.73mScm-1gr-1) and it was noticed that ‘Telar’ cultivar had the highest cracked seed percentage (10.38). Effect of different seed processing steps was significant on all traits. So that, the lowest GERMINATION percentage (78.36%), highest rate of broken seed percentage (16.72%) and highest cracked seed percentage (13.55%) was obtained after elevator step. Interaction effect of cultivar × different processing steps were not significant on all traits, but means comparison showed that the highest (86.9%) was obtained in 033 cultivar after drying step and lowest (77.8%) GERMINATION percentage was attained from ‘Telar’ cultivar after elevator.

This experiment was conducted to evaluation of warehouse temperature effects on two cultivars of onion (Alba and Texas early grano؟) with different initial STANDARD GERMINATION. In these, study three levels of initial STANDARD GERMINATION including 1- 70-75% 2- 80-85% and 3- 90-95% of two onion cultivars including: Alba (long day) and Texas early grano؟ (short day) were selected. Seeds stored in tow conditions including  5 ºc and 60% relative humidity  and 25 ºc and 30% relative humidity. The study carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design in four replications.  After storage period, GERMINATION %, normal seedling%, mean time to GERMINATION (MTG), rate and percentage of emergence seedlings catalase and peroxidase activities were measured. Factors were initial STANDARD GERMINATION levels in three levels, warehouse temperatures in two levels and cultivars in two levels. Results showed that interaction of temperature  initial STANDARD GERMINATION  cultivar had significant effect on GERMINATION, MTG, percentage and rate of seedling emergence. In addition, interaction of initial STANDARD GERMINATION  cultivar and interaction of temperature  initial STANDARD GERMINATION on normal seedling were significant. Mean comparisons showed that GERMINATION percentage of Texas early grano Cultivar with 90-95% initial STANDARD GERMINATION when stored at 5 ºc warehouse temperature was higher than 25 ºc warehouse temperature significantly. Generally, in all three levels GERMINATION, normal seedling percentage was decreased with increasing of warehouse temperature. The highest MTG belonged to Texas early grano in both warehouse temperatures (5 and 25 º c) with 70-75%, initial STANDARD GERMINATION. The lowest one belonged to Alba cultivar with 90-95% initial STANDARD GERMINATION and Texas early grano with 80-85% initial STANDARD GERMINATION when stored at 5ºc. In Texas early grano, seeds with 90-95% initial STANDARD GERMINATION and 5ºc temperature warehouse had higher establishment than 25 ºc. Based on the results, storage conditions can affect GERMINATION and seedling emergence by affecting enzymatic activity.

Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day STANDARD using curve fitting models for genetic and management practices. Individual curves do not have a STANDARD shape in all cases, and can deviate from the STANDARD pattern according to factors such as individual differences, and type of fitted models. These non-STANDARD curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing and reversed STANDARDs. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) and Pollott (biological), on 7659 and 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 and 776 first calving Iranian Simmental and Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) and decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of STANDARD curves from the Pollott and Wood models were 85.5% and 62.2% for Simmental, and 83.1% and 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% and 16.9%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed STANDARD was the most (22.3% and 16.5%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of STANDARDizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).

Background and Aims: Overlapping of the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth in the panoramic radiography is a major concern. Therefore, an option has been developed in the panoramic unit of Planmeca Promax, namely improved interproximal mode. This mode causes lower horizental angle with the teeth contact region during the unit rotation decreasing overlapping of the panoramic images of the posterior teeth especially premolar teeth. The present study was done to compare the overlapping of posterior teeth using two techniques of improved interproximal panoramic program and STANDARD panoramic.Materials and Methods: In this diagnostic study, 32 patients requiring panoramic radiographies at their posterior teeth during their routine diagnosis and treatment process with the mean age of 27.3 years were participated. No patients showed crowding of posterior teeth or missed and restored posterior teeth. The participants' panoramic radiographies were randomly taken by two techniques of improved interproximal panoramic and STANDARD panoramic using Planmeca Promax device. The overlapping of the panoramic images was blindly assessed by an oral radiologist. The overlapping in both techniques was reported by frequency and percentage. The comparisons were done by Chi-square test between two techniques and the odds ratio of overlapping was estimated using regression analysis.Results: In STANDARD panoramic techniques, 38.5% (148 contacts of 384 contacts) of the proximal surfaces overlapped while the overlapping of the proximal surfaces was observed in 18.8% (72 contacts of 384 overall contacts) in improved interproximal technique. Significant differences were noted between two techniques regarding overlapping (P<0.001). Also 66.4% and 39.1% of 4-5 teeth contacts overlapped in STANDARD and improved techniques. The values were reported to be 39.1% and 12.5% in contacts of 5-6 teeth and 10.2% and 4.7% in the contacts of 6-7 teeth in both techniques, respectively. The overlapping odds ratio in improved technique as compared to STANDARD techniques was 2.72 more. While the odds ratio of overlapping in the contact regions of 4-5 and 5-6 teeth was 16.4 and 4.61 as compared to the contact region of 6-7 teeth (all: P<0.001). The lower or upper jaw with the patients' mouth side did not significantly influence the overlapping of the proximal surfaces in both panoramic techniques.Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, improved interproximal panoramic significantly reduced the overlapping of proximal surfaces in the panoramic radiographies of posterior teeth as compared to the STANDARD panoramic technique. Therefore, it can be used to detect proximal caries in the posterior teeth as a diagnostic tool. Using this option may affect other part of panoramic image which should be investigated in other research.

Purpose: To compare the sensitivity, specificity and validity of SITAfast (SiF) strategy with the STANDARD full thershold (SFT) algorithm in the Humphrey field analyzer. Materials &Methods: As an observational case series, twenty glaucoma patients (37 eyes) who were referred to Emam Reza & Ghaem eye clinic, central field testing was performed with the central 30-2 program using SFT and SiF strategies. Both tests were carried out on four different days in a span of two weeks. Sensitivity, specificity, validity, time saved, and the extent of defect in SITA fast strategies were compared with those of SFT. Results: The sensitivity of SFT & SiF was 93.3%. Specificity of SFT & SiF was 71.4% & 57.4% respectively. The validity of SFT & SiF was 89.2% & 86.5% respectively. The mean time in SFT, SiF were 14.6 min & 5.45 min, respectively. Defects in gray scale was shallower in SiF (significant at P<1%, P<0.5%) but defects in the pattern deviation plots tended to be more in SITA fast strategy but there was no significant difference in statistics. Conclusion: SITA fast strategy has good sensitivity and is significantly faster as compared with the SFT algorithm. Test time is much shorter so common use of SiF is suggested. In children, old age patients and patients who has difficulty in concentration, SiF is superior to SFT.          

Percentage and rate of seed GERMINATION in laboratory are usually different from field, especially under rainfed conditions. Therefore, to assessment of STANDARD GERMINATION test to predict seedling emergence and establishment of lentil, two separate experiments were conducted under laboratory and farm conditions. Eight lentil seed lots (includes four cultivars Kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Local with different storage periods) were evaluated by the STANDARD GERMINATION test and the rainfed farm and some indices related to seedling emergence (includes seedling emergence rate, mean time to emergence, mean daily emergence and final emergence percentage) were measured. The results of the laboratory and the farm tests showed that the seed lots were different significantly in terms of seed and seedling vigor characteristics. The correlation coefficients illustrated that the final GERMINATION percentage, the normal seedling percentage and the seed storage usage in laboratory test had positive correlations with the seedling emergence percentage in the farm experiment. The mean daily GERMINATION and the GERMINATION rate in the laboratory test had the positive correlations with the seedling emergence rate in the farm test. So it seems that, the above mentioned traits in STANDARD GERMINATION test can use to predict seedling emergence of lentil in rainfed farm.

Background: Short-stem prosthesis for total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been designed to overcome the weakness of STANDARD-stem prostheses and improve surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare short-stem with STANDARD-stem prosthesis outcomes.Methods: This study was performed as a randomized clinical trial. Subjects were selected among patients referred to Sina University Hospital, Tehran, Iran from April 2010 to 2012. THA were performed with short-stem or STANDARD-stem prostheses after obtaining written informed consent from patients. Balanced block randomization method was used to get a random sample in each group. Clinical outcomes were evaluated based on Harris Hip Score (HHS). Patients were followed up for at least one year. All patients were examined at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and one year after surgery. In each visit, Control X-ray was obtained and bone and prosthetic position were assessed. Also, the symptoms such as infection, pain, claudication, ability to climb stairs, using crutches and weight bearing were rechecked. Student t-test was used to compare outcomes in the two groups.Results: A total of eighty four THA were studied. 13 patients were lost to follow-up or had infection and failure. One patient died with the prosthesis in situ from causes not related to the surgery. Therefore, a total of 70 patients were analyzed. Of these, 34 and 36 hips underwent small stem and STANDARD stem THA, respectively. The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was 61.1±8.68 years (range, 48-86 years). Most common reasons for arthroplasty were osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis and dysplasia of hip. There were significant differences between the two study groups in bleeding during surgery (P=0.001). There were no significant differences among the study groups in HHS except for 6th week and 3th month (P=0.000).Conclusion: The use of short-stem prosthesis can improve the performance of patients in short-term but no significant difference with STANDARD-stem prosthesis in long- term.